Main Idea: Martin Luther’s protest over abuses in the
Catholic Church led to the founding of Protestant churches. John Calvin and
other Protestant leaders began new protestant churches. Catholic Church also
makes reforms.
I.
Reformation
A.
Causes
1.
Past practice: domination of Rome
2.
Renaissance: promoted secular & the individual
3.
Printing press
4.
Ruler v. pope
5.
Taxation
6.
Early reforms failed
1.
Protested indulgences
2.
95 Theses: formal statement attacking “pardon
merchants”
3.
His teachings
a
Salvation—God’s gift of forgiveness
b
Bible—basis of Church teachings
c
Equality among believers
a
Excommunicated by pope
b
Edict of Worms: declared heretic & outlaw
c
German peasants revolt (1524)
d
War waged against Protestant princes; Peace of Augsburg
1.
Henry VIII: annulment denied
a
Asks Parliament to end pope’s power in England
b
Act of Supremacy passed: English king, not the pope, head
the Church of England
2.
Clashes over religious reform when his heirs take throne
a
Elizabeth I returns throne to Protestant
D.
John Calvin—France
1.
Created system of Protestant theology—Calvinism
2.
Geneva: run as theocracy
3.
Scottish, Dutch, & reformers adopt a Calvinist form of
church organization
1.
New Protestant groups formed over differences in belief
2.
Anabaptist: baptize adults only
3.
Women: key role in early Reformation
1.
Goal: strengthen & spread Catholic religion
2.
Ignatius of Loyola: forms Society of Jesus—Jesuits
3.
Reforms by popes: Paul III & Paul IV
4.
Council of Trent: met to improve church gov’ts &
clarify beliefs
1.
Protestant churches flourished
2.
Religion did not unite Europe
3.
Monarchs & states gained power
4.
Set stage for modern world